Module 4 Syllabus

📘 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO IoT

1.1 What is IoT?

IoT = Internet of Things
Means connecting physical devices (sensors, machines, appliances) to the internet so they can:

• collect data
• send data
• receive commands
• perform actions automatically

1.2 Characteristics of IoT

• Connectivity
• Sensors
• Automation
• Real-time data
• Remote access
• Intelligence (analytics)

1.3 Applications of IoT

Home Automation

• Smart lights
• Smart TV
• Smart fans/AC

Healthcare

• Smart watches
• Heart rate monitors

Agriculture

• Soil moisture sensors
• Automatic irrigation

Industry (IIoT)

• Machine monitoring
• Predictive maintenance

Smart Cities

• Traffic monitoring
• Smart parking

1.4 IoT vs Traditional Internet

📘 CHAPTER 2 – IoT ARCHITECTURE

IoT architecture is typically 4-layer or 5-layer.

2.1 Four-Layer Architecture

1. Perception Layer
   • Physical level
   • Sensors & Actuators
   • Example: Temperature sensor detects heat
2. Network Layer
   • Transfers sensor data to cloud
   • Uses Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, 4G/5G
3. Processing Layer
   • Data storage
   • Analysis
   • Cloud computing, databases
4. Application Layer
   • Provides services to users
   • Smart home app, health app

2.2 Sensors

Examples:

• Temperature Sensor
• Humidity Sensor
• Motion Sensor (PIR)
• IR Sensor
• Gas Sensor
• Ultrasonic Sensor

2.3 Actuators

Devices that perform action:

• Motor
• Servo
• Relay
• Speakers
• LED

📘 CHAPTER 3 – IoT COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

3.1 Short Range Communication

• Bluetooth / BLE
• Wi-Fi
• Zigbee
• RFID / NFC

3.2 Long Range Communication

• LoRaWAN
• Cellular (2G/3G/4G/5G)
• NB-IoT

3.3 Communication Protocols

MQTT

• Lightweight
• Publisher/Subscriber model
• Used in sensors

CoAP

• For low-power devices

HTTP/HTTPS

• Web-based communication

📘 CHAPTER 4 – IoT HARDWARE COMPONENTS

4.1 Microcontrollers

• Arduino UNO / Mega
• ESP8266 NodeMCU
• ESP32 (Wi-Fi + Bluetooth)
• Raspberry Pi (microprocessor board)

4.2 Input Devices (Sensors)

• Temperature sensor (LM35, DHT11)
• Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04
• Gas sensor MQ-2
• IR sensor

4.3 Output Devices

• LED
• Buzzer
• Relay Module
• DC Motor
• Servo Motor

4.4 Power Supply Requirements

• 5V modules (Arduino, sensors)
• 3.3V modules (ESP8266, ESP32)
• External supply for motors/servos

📘 CHAPTER 5 – IoT SOFTWARE ELEMENTS

5.1 Arduino IDE

Used to write and upload code to:

• Arduino boards
• ESP8266
• ESP32 (with board manager)

5.2 Basic Arduino Program Structure

void setup() {

  // runs once

}

void loop() {

  // runs repeatedly

}

5.3 Cloud Platforms

• AWS IoT
• Google Cloud IoT
• Microsoft Azure IoT
• Adafruit IO
• Blynk
• ThingSpeak

5.4 Mobile App Control (IoT Apps)

• Blynk App
• IFTTT
• Home Assistant

📘 CHAPTER 6 – EMBEDDED SYSTEMS BASICS

6.1 What is an Embedded System?

A small computer inside a device that performs dedicated functions.

Examples:

• Washing machine controller
• Smart TV
• Automatic car parking system

6.2 Components

• Processor
• Memory
• Input/Output units
• Sensors & Actuators
• Power supply

6.3 Embedded vs General-Purpose System

📘 CHAPTER 7 – IoT SECURITY

7.1 IoT Security Threats

• Weak passwords
• Unencrypted data
• Device hacking
• Unauthorized access

7.2 Security Solutions

• Use HTTPS / SSL
• Strong passwords
• Firmware updates
• Network firewalls
• Data encryption

📘 CHAPTER 8 – SMART DEVICES & APPLICATIONS

8.1 Smart Home Devices

• Smart bulbs
• Smart plugs
• Smart speakers
• Smart TV

8.2 Smart Healthcare

• Fitness bands
• BP monitor
• Glucose monitor

8.3 Smart Agriculture

• Automatic irrigation
• Crop health monitoring

8.4 Smart Transport

• GPS trackers
• Smart traffic lights

📘 CHAPTER 9 – CASE STUDIES

9.1 Smart Water System

• Sensors detect water level
• motor turns ON/OFF automatically

9.2 Smart Door Lock

• Face/Password/Biometric controlled
• IoT app access

9.3 Smart Parking

• Ultrasonic sensors detect cars
• Mobile app shows available spots

📘 CHAPTER 10 – IoT PROJECTS (FOR PRACTICALS)

Project 1 – IoT Weather Monitoring

Components:

• DHT11
• ESP8266
• ThingSpeak

Project 2 – Smart Home Automation

• Relay module
• ESP32
• Blynk app

Project 3 – IoT Gas Detection

• MQ-2 sensor
• Buzzer + LED
• Alert on mobile